The presence of disturbing noise sources on or off the chip is another source of deviations in circuit response. The electrical behavior of a circuit can be profoundly affected by those variations. The dimensions, threshold voltages, and currents of an MOS transistor vary between runs or even on a single wafer or die. One reason for this aberration are the variations in the manufacturing process. The termination determines how much of the wave is reflected upon arrival at the wireįigure 4.18 Propagation of voltage step along a lossless transmission line.Direction of propagationĮxpected response. The behavior of the transmission line is strongly influenced by the termination of the line. For instance, the characteristic impedances of a triplate strip-line (a wire embedded in between two ground planes) and a semiconduc- tor micro strip-line (wire above a semiconductor substrate) are approximated by Eq. For some simplified structures, approximative expressions have been derived. Hence, accurate inductance and characteristic impedance extraction is still an active research topic. Providing a general answer to the latter problem has so far proven to be illusive, and no closed-formed analytical solutions are typically available. The electro-magnetic fields in complex interconnect structures tend to be irregular, and are strongly influenced by issues such as the current return path. WARNING: The characteristic impedance of a wire is a function of the overall intercon- nect topology. If trans- mission line effects were an issue on silicon integrated circuits, it would take 0.67 nsec for the signal to reach the end of a 10 cm wire. Įxample 4.10 Propagation Speeds of Signal Waveforms The information of Table 4.6 shows that it takes 1.5 nsec for a signal wave to propagate from source-to-destination on a 20 cm wire deposited on an epoxy printed-circuit board. Typical values of the characteristic impedance of wires in semiconductor circuits range from 10 to 200.
Ruído significa variação indesejada de tensão ou de corrente nos nós lógicosĬuitry.
Velocidade (atraso) Dissipação de Potência Consumo de EnergiaĪcoplamento Indutivo Acoplamento Capacitivo Ruído de Alimentação Portas Lógicas Digitais: Parâmetros Fundamentais
The research on multinationals aims to contribute to theories of market and non-market strategies – how multinationals from both developed and emerging countries respond to market and institutional failures in host countries and their country of origin, while the research on SMEs focuses on entrepreneurial firms’ international strategies and their capacity to adapt and innovate in emerging and less developed countries.Q Professor: Fernando Gehm Moraes q Livro texto:ĭigital Integrated Circuits a Design Perspective - Rabaey C MOS VLSI Design - Weste These include multinationals’ and small firms’ strategies in and from emerging markets. She does research on firms’ strategic responses to different institutional environments. Her research interests centers around firms’ strategies in and from emerging markets. Rodrigues is Emeritus Professor of International Business and Organisation at the Department of Business-Society Management, Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University (RSM).**
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